Anatomy and Physiology Intro – outline notes
I. Definitions A. Anatomy – study of structure 1. Ex. study parts of heart B. Physiology – study of function 1. Ex. study how heart pumps blood II. Structure and Function A. Function reflects structure (EVOLUTION) 1. Ex. Oxygen can pass through lungs (physiology), only because lining of lungs is very thin (anatomy) III. Anatomy […]
Integumentary (Skin) System – outline notes
I. Integumentary System A. Skin 1. Epidermis 2. Dermis B. Appendages 1. Hair 2. Nails 3. Cutaneous (skin) Glands II. Skin A. Epidermis 1. Functions a. Barrier tissue in first line of defense b. Mechanical barrier – resists bacteria, water, etc. 1) Substances that can enter readily -lipid soluble substances – steroids -organic solvents – […]
Autonomic Nervous System – outline notes
I. Somatic Nervous System Vs. Autonomic Nervous System A. Somatic NS – voluntary, skeletal muscle -one neuron from brain/spinal cord releases Acetylcholine (ACh) on skeletal muscle (nicotinic receptors) B. Autonomic NS – involuntary; glands, heart, smooth muscle -two chain neuron II. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) = Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) and Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) […]
Bone Formation and Calcium Regulation | Endocrine
Bone formation via Endochondral ossification 1. Most bones 2. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts and produce hyaline a. Interstitial and appositional growth 3. Perichondrium – chondrogenic cells; C.T. surrounds hyaline a. Perichondrium becomes periosteum (osteoblasts) due to increased blood supply 5 Steps of Endochondral Bone Development 8 weeks to birth Step 1 – Bone collar […]
Bone Physiology – outline notes
I. Basic Functions of Bones A. support – shape and form B. storage – minerals (Ca2+, PO43-) and lipids (yellow bone marrow) C. blood cell production – red bone marrow D. protection E. movement II. Classification of Bones A. Shape 1. Long, short (carpals), flat (sternum), irregular (vertebrae) 2. Proportions of osseous tissue a. Compact […]
Nervous System Physiology – outline notes
Nervous System and Endocrine System = maintain homeostasis, control Neural Tissue Cells – Neuroglia and Neurons Neuroglia (glial cells) – supporting cells -CNS – 4 types 1. Ependymal cells -line central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain -ciliated – help circulate Cerebral Spinal Fluid in ventricles -CSF – surrounds, cushions supports […]
Muscle Physiology – outline notes
Muscle tissue – (myo, mys, sarco) -skeletal – striated, voluntary -smooth – visceral, nonstriated, involuntary -cardiac – heart, striations, involuntary Skeletal Muscle Functions -movement -cardiac – blood -smooth – peristalsis -skeletal – gross movements -posture / stabilize joints -generates heat As an organ -C.T. -blood vessels -nervous tissue -skeletal muscle fibers (cells) / (myofibers) C.T. […]
Endocrine Disorders – outline notes
Hormones are chemical messengers. They are a major way in which our body communicates with itself. If our messages are unable to do their job, i.e. too much *hypersecretion or too little *hyposecretion, serious problems can result. The following are common endocrine disorders. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) -hyposecretion / hypoactivity of insulin -without insulin, glucose cannot enter most […]